• https://github.com/onqtam/awesome-cmake
• https://www.jetbrains.com/help/clion/quick-cmake-tutorial.html
• https://cgold.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview.html
• https://github.com/toeb/moderncmake/blob/master/Modern%20CMake.pdf
• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8934295/add-source-in-a-subdirectory-to-a-cmake-project
• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17653738/recursive-cmake-search-for-header-and-source-files
• https://github.com/ruslo/sugar/wiki/Collecting-sources
• https://crascit.com/2015/02/02/cmake-target-dependencies/
• http://floooh.github.io/2016/01/12/cmake-dependency-juggling.html
• http://crascit.com/2016/01/31/enhanced-source-file-handling-with-target_sources/
• https://cmake.org/pipermail/cmake/2016-May/063400.html

http://derekmolloy.ie/hello-world-introductions-to-cmake/
https://mirkokiefer.com/cmake-by-example-f95eb47d45b1
https://www.udemy.com/introduction-to-cmake/
https://cgold.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/cmake-can.html
https://crascit.com/professional-cmake/
https://pabloariasal.github.io/2018/02/19/its-time-to-do-cmake-right/

sudo apt install build-essential checkinstall zlib1g-dev libssl-dev
wget https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/archive/refs/tags/v3.28.0-rc4.tar.gz
tar -zxvf v3.28.0-rc4.tar.gz
( cd CMake-3.28.0-rc4
    ./bootstrap && make && sudo make install
)
rm -fr CMake-3.28.0-rc4 

Some commonly used commands:

• message: prints given message.
• cmake_minimum_required: sets minimum version of cmake to be used.
• add_executable: adds executable target with given name.
• add_library: adds a library target to be build from listed source files.
• add_subdirectory: adds a subdirectory to build. CMake will enter this directory, find the CMakeLists.txt and build using that.

Build And Use A Library

add_subdirectory(...)
...            
target_link_libraries(project-name library-name)

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION ...)
set(LIBRARY_OUTPUT_PATH ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib)
add_library(library-name SHARED|STATIC ...sources...)

Functions And Macros

function(function-name arg1 arg2 ...)
    set(function-name-output-parameter ... PARENT_SCOPE)
endfunction()

macro(macro-name arg1 arg2)
    set(macro-name-output-parameter ...)    
endmacro()

# Project Configuration
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)

# Note, project type set to 'NONE' deliberately so that CMake does not search for C compiler before the toolchain
# is configured.
project(my-project-name NONE)

set(CMAKE_VERBOSE_MAKEFILE ON)

# Toolchain
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME      "Generic")
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR "arm")
set(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING   true)

# Skip link step during toolchain validation.
set(CMAKE_TRY_COMPILE_TARGET_TYPE STATIC_LIBRARY)

set(TOOLCHAIN_TUPLE "arm-none-eabi")
find_program(CMAKE_C_COMPILER   "${TOOLCHAIN_TUPLE}-gcc")
find_program(CMAKE_ASM_COMPILER "${CMAKE_C_COMPILER}")
find_program(CMAKE_OBJCOPY      "${TOOLCHAIN_TUPLE}-objcopy")
find_program(CMAKE_OBJDUMP      "${TOOLCHAIN_TUPLE}-objdump")
find_program(CMAKE_SIZE         "${TOOLCHAIN_TUPLE}-size")

# Search only under *target* paths.
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)

# Programming Languages - C and Assembly
enable_language(C ASM)

# Set the suffix for executables on this platform.
set (CMAKE_EXECUTABLE_SUFFIX ".elf")

# Target Parameters
set(TARGET_MCU       "STM32...")
set(TARGET_FAMILY    "STM32...")

# Target Compiler/Linker Flags
if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "Debug")
    message(STATUS "Build type not specified, defaulting to 'Debug'")
endif()

# See https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Warning-Options.html
set(TARGET_WARNING_FLAGS
        "-Werror"                   # Make all warnings into errors.
        "-Wall"                     # Enable all the warnings about constructions that some users consider questionable, and that are easy to avoid etc. (See GCC docs for list).
        "-Wextra"                   # Enable some extra warning flags not enabled by -Wall. (See GCC docs for list).
        "-Wshadow"                  # Warn whenever a local variable or type declaration shadows another variable, parameter, type etc.
        "-Wcast-align=strict"       # Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of the target is increased regardless of the target machine.
        "-Wpointer-arith"           # Warn about anything that depends on the “size of” a function type or of void.
        "-pedantic"                 # Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ISO C.
        "-Wconversion"              # Warn for implicit conversions that may alter a value.
        "-Wsign-conversion"         # Warn for implicit conversions that may change the sign of an integer value.
        "-Wfloat-conversion"        # Warn for implicit conversions that reduce the precision of a real value.
        "-Wfloat-equal"             # Warn when floating-point values are used in equality expressions.
        "-Wcast-qual"               # Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier from the target type.
        "-Wduplicated-branches"     # Warn when an if-else has identical branches.
        "-Wduplicated-cond"         # Warn about duplicated conditions in an if-else-if chain.
        "-Wswitch-default"          # Warn whenever a switch statement does not have a default case.
        "-Wwrite-strings"           # When compiling C, give string constants the type const char[length] so that copying the address of one into a non-const char * pointer produces a warning.
        "-Wunused-macros"           # Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused.
)
if ("${DEBUG_OUTPUT_METHOD}" STREQUAL "RTT")
    # The RTT libraries generate the following warning: supress it when using RTT.
    list(APPEND TARGET_WARNING_FLAGS -Wno-cast-align)
endif()
STRING(REPLACE ";" " " TARGET_WARNING_FLAGS "${TARGET_WARNING_FLAGS}")

# Common flags and defines - things like "-mcpu=xxx", "-mlittle-endian", "-mthumb" etc
set(TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS   ...flags appropriate to your target...
)
STRING(REPLACE ";" " " TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS "${TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS}")

set(TARGET_DEFINITIONS
    "-DCORE_CM..."
    "-D${TARGET_FAMILY}"
    "-DEVAL_BOARD"
)
STRING(REPLACE ";" " " TARGET_DEFINITIONS "${TARGET_DEFINITIONS}")

# Segger RTT
# Add `-DDEBUG_OUTPUT_METHOD=RTT` to CMake options in CMake profile to use.
if ("${DEBUG_OUTPUT_METHOD}" STREQUAL "RTT")
    message(STATUS "Using SEGGER RTT protocol for debug output")
    include_directories("${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/path-to-segger-rtt-source-files")
endif ()

set(TARGET_COMPILER_FLAGS "-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections")
set(TARGET_C_FLAGS "-std=c11")
set(TARGET_LD_FLAGS "-Wl,--gc-sections")

# Set language-wide flags for C language, used when building for all configurations.
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${TARGET_WARNING_FLAGS} ${TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS} ${TARGET_DEFINITIONS} ${TARGET_COMPILER_FLAGS} ${TARGET_C_FLAGS}")

# Set linker flags to be used to create executables. These flags will be used by the linker when creating an executable.
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS} ${TARGET_LD_FLAGS}")

# Flags for Debug build type or configuration.
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -DTARGET_DEBUG  -DAPP_DEBUG -Og -ggdb")
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_DEBUG "${TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS} ${TARGET_LD_FLAGS}")

# Flags for Release build type or configuration.
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Os -DNDEBUG")
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELEASE "${TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS} ${TARGET_LD_FLAGS}")

# Project Layout
set(CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR true)
set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")

include_directories("${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/...your include dirs ...")

# Set output directory into which runtime target files should be built.
SET(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR})

# Add sources to executable target...
# CMake recommends not using globbing and listing explicitly. With globbing it warns that you can compile files that
# you don't mean to and that the addition/removal of a file is not present in your build system diff, so tracking down
# "what did you change?" in debugging reported problems can be harder since there's no evidence of accidentally
# added/removed files in a normal Git diff output.
add_executable(application
    // List c files
)

if ("${DEBUG_OUTPUT_METHOD}" STREQUAL "RTT")
    # Only add SEGGER RTT sources if compiling with RTT enabled
    target_sources(application
            PUBLIC "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/path-to-segger/SEGGER_RTT.c"
    )
endif ()

# Set linker flags.
set(MY_LINK_FLAGS
        -T'${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/path-to-LD-file'
        -mcpu=cortex-...
        -mthumb
        -Wl,-gc-sections,--print-memory-usage,-Map=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}.map
)
STRING(REPLACE ";" " " MY_LINK_FLAGS "${MY_LINK_FLAGS}")
set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES LINK_FLAGS "${MY_LINK_FLAGS}")

# Build HEX and BIN files from the ELF target
set(HEX_FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}.hex)
set(BIN_FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}.bin)
add_custom_command(TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME} POST_BUILD
        COMMAND ${CMAKE_OBJCOPY} -Oihex $<TARGET_FILE:${PROJECT_NAME}> ${HEX_FILE}
        COMMAND ${CMAKE_OBJCOPY} -Obinary $<TARGET_FILE:${PROJECT_NAME}> ${BIN_FILE}
        COMMENT "Building ${HEX_FILE}
Building ${BIN_FILE}")
    

TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS For Cortex M0

# The target is an ARM Cortex-M0, which implies the thumb instruction set. It is little endian and has no
# hardware FP support.
set(TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS   "-mlittle-endian"
                            "-mcpu=cortex-m0"
                            "-mthumb"
                            "-mfloat-abi=soft"
)
STRING(REPLACE ";" " " TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS "${TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS}")    
        

if (CMAKE_C_COMPILER STREQUAL "CMAKE_C_COMPILER-NOTFOUND")
            message(FATAL_ERROR "Compiler not found")
        else()
            execute_process(
                    COMMAND "${CMAKE_C_COMPILER}" "--version"
                    COMMAND "grep" "-Eo" "[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+"
                    RESULT_VARIABLE COMPILER_VERSION_ERROR
                    OUTPUT_VARIABLE COMPILER_VERSION_OUTPUT
                    ERROR_VARIABLE COMPILER_VERSION_OUTPUT_ERROR
                    OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
                    ERROR_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
        
            if (NOT ${COMPILER_VERSION_ERROR} EQUAL 0)
                message(FATAL_ERROR "Failed to query compiler version.\n\t\tError code or reason: ${COMPILER_VERSION_ERROR}.\n\t\tSTDERR: ${COMPILER_VERSION_OUTPUT_ERROR}")
            endif()
        
            if(${COMPILER_VERSION_OUTPUT} VERSION_LESS "13.2")
                message(FATAL_ERROR "Required GCC version 13.2 or later. Found ${COMPILER_VERSION_OUTPUT}.")
            endif()
        endif()

-nostdlib and -ffreestanding

# In addition this project will not link against the standard C library (-nostdlib and -ffreestanding)
#		-nostdlib      controls which libraries to link against
# 		-ffreestanding controls if you are compiling freestanding C (which is part of the C standard).
# 		 			   CAUTION: Even though freestanding is used it seems GCC still requires the freestanding
#                               environment provide memcpy, memmove, memset and memcmp
#                               [https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Standards.html]
set(TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS ...)
list(APPEND TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS "-nostdlib" "-ffreestanding")
STRING(REPLACE ";" " " TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS "${TARGET_COMMON_FLAGS}")
        

if (${USE_CPPCHECK})
    find_program(CMAKE_CXX_CPPCHECK NAMES cppcheck)
    if (CMAKE_CXX_CPPCHECK)
        MESSAGE(STATUS "Found CPPCheck: `${CMAKE_CXX_CPPCHECK}`")

        get_target_property(CPPCHECK_SOURCES ${PROJECT_NAME}${CMAKE_EXECUTABLE_SUFFIX} SOURCES)

        # Filter the source set if you need too.
        list(FILTER CPP_SOURCES INCLUDE REGEX ...)

        # CPP Check needs the include directories and the compile definitions that the
        # project uses. To get these use a generator expression:
        #     Generator expressions are evaluated during build system generation to produce
        #     information specific to each build configuration.
        set(CPPCHECK_INCS "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:${PROJECT_NAME}.elf,INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>")
        set(CPPCHECK_DEFS "$<TARGET_PROPERTY:${PROJECT_NAME}.elf,COMPILE_DEFINITIONS>")

        # When using add_custom_command() or add_custom_target(), use the VERBATIM and 
        # COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS options to obtain robust argument splitting and quoting.
        add_custom_target(
                ${PROJECT_NAME}_cppcheck
                ALL #< Adds to default target, remove to require distinct target to be made
                COMMAND ${CMAKE_CXX_CPPCHECK}
                ${CPPCHECK_SOURCES}
                "-I;$<JOIN:${CPPCHECK_INCS},;-I;>" #< Must be quoted so it is recognised as a generator expression
                "-D$<JOIN:${CPPCHECK_DEFS},;-D>"   #< Must be quoted so it is recognised as a generator expression
                --force
                --enable=all
                --suppress=missingIncludeSystem
                COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS                     #< Lists in COMMAND arguments will be expanded, including those created with generator expressions
                VERBATIM                                 #< All arguments to the commands will be escaped properly for the build tool 
                USES_TERMINAL
            )
        
            # Or, apparently could use the following, which looks better:
            # "$<LIST:TRANSFORM,$<TARGET_PROPERTY:tgt,INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>,PREPEND,-I>"
    else()
        MESSAGE(WARNING "Could not find CPPCHECK")
    endif()
endif()

if (${USE_DOXYGEN})
    find_package(Doxygen)
    if (${DOXYGEN_FOUND})
        MESSAGE(STATUS "Doxygen found.")

        set(DOXYGEN_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/...choose a dir name...")
        set(DOXYGEN_IMAGE_PATH "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/...insert paths here...")
        set(DOXYGEN_RECURSIVE "YES")
        set(DOXYGEN_WARN_NO_PARAMDOC "YES")
        set(DOXYGEN_EXTRACT_ALL "YES")
        set(DOXY_INPUT "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/...list dirs here...")
        set(DOXYGEN_FILE_PATTERNS "*.c" "*.h" ...)
        set(DOXYGEN_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS ...anything you'd like to ignore...)
        doxygen_add_docs(
                ${PROJECT_NAME}_doxygen
                ALL #< Adds to default target, remove to require distinct target to be made
                ${DOXY_INPUT}
                COMMENT "Generate Doxygen content"
        )
    else ()
        MESSAGE(WARNING "Doxygen not found. Doxygen output will not be created.")
    endif ()
endif()
    

See search path used: if you want to see which directories CMake is search in your case just call

cmake -D CMAKE_FIND_DEBUG_MODE=ON

Dump out all variables and their values:

get_cmake_property(_variableNames VARIABLES)
foreach (_variableName ${_variableNames})
    message(STATUS "${_variableName}=${${_variableName}}")
endforeach()